Here the bending modulus B = E t 3 / [12 (1 Λ 2)] (with E the Young’s modulus, t the sheet’s thickness, and Λ the Poisson ratio), whereas out-of-plane deformation is resisted by an effective stiffness ...

Elastic rods (ERs) are ubiquitous in natural and man-made matter, performing important physical and biological functions across a wide range of scales, from columns (1), trees (2 – 4), and bones (5) ...