Abstract: Metaheuristics are widely recognized gradient-free solvers to hard problems that do not meet the rigorous mathematical assumptions of conventional solvers. The automated design of ...

These implementations are for demonstration purposes. They are less efficient than the implementations in the Python standard library.

Introduction Osteoarthritis is the second most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder and mostly affects hip and knee joints. Movement behaviours have been associated with the incidence of osteoarthritis.